Crime Data Comparison Paper - 761 Words

Crime Data Comparison Paper CJA/314 February 10, 2014 Christopher Byland Abstract This paper will compare burglary crime statistics between two cities for the years 2005 and 2012 using the Federal Bureau of Investigation database the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program. This paper will also, discuss which area had more reported incidents, what were the rates of the crime for each area, did the rates changed over time in either area, and what factors might explain the differences in the rates. Crime Data Comparison Paper Since 1930, the Federal Bureau of Investigation has been tasked with collecting, publishing, and archiving criminal data statistics in most†¦show more content†¦In 2005, the city of Reno, Nevada had almost three times the population as Sparks, Nevada. However, the UCR data shows that Sparks, Nevada had just fewer than half the burglaries that Reno, Nevada had. According to the UCR, in 2012, Reno, Nevada, had a population of 230,486 people. According to the UCR, there were 1,633 burglaries reported to law enforcement agencies (Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2012). According to the UCR, in 2012, Sparks, Nevada, had a population of 92,387 people. According to the UCR, there were 609 burglaries reported to law enforcement agencies (Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2012). Once again, in 2012, the city of Reno, Nevada had almost three times the population as Sparks, Nevada. However, the UCR data shows that Sparks, Nevada still had just fewer than half the burglaries that Reno, Nevada had. According to the UCR, from 2005 to 2012 Reno, Nevada had an increase in population of 25,737 people, yet between those dates Reno, Nevada showed a decrease of 283 burglaries. As for Sparks, Nevada, the UCR data showed an increase of the population of 8,596 people and just like Reno, Nevada, Sparks, Nevada, showed a decrease of 131 burglaries. Although both cities had an increase in population, both had a decrease in burglaries reported to law enforcement agencies. Most would believe that the increase in population would invite more criminal activity to theseShow MoreRelatedCrime Data Comparison Paper731 Words   |  3 PagesCrime Data Comparison Paper Name CJA/ 314 January, 2014 Dr. Anthony Carbo Abstract In this paper, this student completes the following: This student will compare forcible rape crime rates for California and Oregon. This student will compare the data to show which metropolitan area had more reported incidents of forcible rape crimes. This student will also identify the rates of the crime for each metropolitan area. 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This paper is important because it provides a background to practices that have resulted in the United States mass imprisonment of its citizens Vollaard, B. (2013), Preventing crime through selective incapacitation*. The Economic Journal, 123: 262–284. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0297.2012. 02522.x This research suggests that crime can be prevented through selective incapacitation. This paper supports mandatoryRead MoreCrime Rates in America1161 Words   |  5 PagesCrime Rates In America Elliot H. Maysonet CJA/204 08 April 2013 Prof. Ron Alter Crime Rates In America In society’s day and age, Americans believe that crime has been steadily increasing. This perspective is based on information provided to the public by criminologist. Our society relies heavily on statistical data to measure criminality and the effectiveness of the laws that govern society. This data is collected and formulated to create what is known as national crime reports. 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Short Note On Procedural Memory - 975 Words

Long Term Memory Procedural Memory-Apart of the long term memory, responsible for knowing how to do things ex- how to ride a bike Procedural Knowledge-Knowing how to simple things ex- how to tie your shoe or riding a bike, this does not include conscious thoughts (conscious- aware, so not aware of doing actions. Semantic Memory-Knowledge of meanings, the basics and about the world Episodic Memory- ‘’Stores info from events that we have experienced’’ Endel Tulving-†An Estonian Canadian experimental psychologist and human research on memory influenced psychologist, scientist, and others.† He defined long term memory(one of the earliest to define long term memory). He proposed to define the difference between episodic, semantic, and procedural memory.† Declarative Knowledge-Knowing, ex- when mom’s birthday is, dogs are animals, and Columbus is the capital of Ohio. Long term memory is located in the inner fold of the temporal lobe. Temporal lobe lies beneath the temples on the head. The temporal lobe controls hearing. Alzheimer s Alzheimer s-A disease in the brain that destroys memory and other functions. Symptoms- Cognitive: Confusion,difficulty thinking/understanding/concentrating, makes things up and not able to create new memories,can’t do simple math or not able to recognize simple things. Behavioral: aggression, agitation, difficulty with self care, irritability, meaningless repetition of own words, personality changes, lack of restraint, orShow MoreRelatedExplain the Use of Memory Systems on Strengthening Your Studying Area(S)?1173 Words   |  5 PagesST 707] Explain the use of memory systems on strengthening your studying area(s)? Ng Yan Kin Department of Civil engineering The Hong Kong Polytechnic University 12098159d Abstract This paper is about exploring the use of memory system on strengthening study areas. 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Night World Spellbinder Chapter 6 Free Essays

string(22) " the level of humans\." Kevin howled, clapping a hand to his cheek. â€Å"He cut me! This guy cut me!† Blood ran between his fingers. Randy lifted the razor again. We will write a custom essay sample on Night World : Spellbinder Chapter 6 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Thea reached out with her mind. Not reached. She leaped. It was completely instinctive; she was scared to death, and all she could think of was that he was going to kill Kevin, and maybe Blaise, too. She caught-something. Pain and grief and fury that seemed to be bouncing around like a baboon in a cage. She could hold it for only an instant, but in that instant Eric threw two cups of punch in Randy’s face. Randy yelled and turned away from Kevin, toward Eric. Thea felt a surge of pure terror. Randy slashed with the razor, but Eric was fast; he jumped back out of the way, circling to get behind Randy. Randy wheeled and slashed again. They were doing a macabre dance, going round and round. Thea felt as if the fear was winding tighter inside her with each turn. But Eric kept out of the way of the flashing razor until a rush of movement on the dance floor caught her eye. It was Mr. Adkins and two other teachers. They converged on Randy and there was a lot of confusion. When it was over, Randy was on the ground. Sirens wailed outside, coming closer. Eric stepped away from the pile on the floor. Breathing hard, he looked at Thea. She nodded that she was all right, then shut her eyes. She felt limp and wrung out and awful. They were going to take Randy away now, and she didn’t think there was much help for him. He definitely seemed too far gone. At that moment she was ashamed of being a witch. â€Å"All right, people,† Mr. Adkins was saying. â€Å"Let’s move out of here. Let’s get this place cleared.† He looked at Blaise, who was bending over a seated Kevin, holding a napkin to his cheek. â€Å"You two can stay.† Then he put a hand on Blaise’s shoulder. â€Å"Are you okay here?† Blaise looked up with wide, tragic gray eyes. â€Å"I think so,† she said bravely. Mr. Adkins swallowed. His hand on Blaise’s shoulder squeezed. Thea heard him mutter something like, â€Å"Poor kid.† Oh, give me a break, Thea thought. But a small, selfish part of her was relieved. Blaise wasn’t going to get in trouble over this one; neither of them was going to get expelled. Grandma wasn’t going to be disgraced in front of the Inner Circle. And Blaise did seem worried about Kevin. She was bending over him again solicitously. As if she really cared. Thea slipped past a teacher’s outstretched arm. â€Å"Are you okay?† she whispered to Blaise. Blaise looked up enigmatically. That was when Thea saw that she had a tiny vial concealed in the napkin. It was full of blood. â€Å"You†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Thea couldn’t find the words. Blaise made a slight grimace that meant: I know. But it was just too good a chance to miss. Thea backed up and ran into Eric. He put a steadying arm around her. â€Å"Is she all right?† â€Å"She’s fine. I have to get out of here.† Eric looked into her face. He was rumpled: his hair mussed, his eyes dark. All he said was, â€Å"Let’s go.† They passed Vivienne and Selene on the way out. Thea had to give them credit; they both looked shocked and unhappy. The question was, would it last? Dani was in the parking lot with John Finkelstein. â€Å"I’m going home,† she said significantly to Thea, and tossed something into a clump of bitterbrush. It was an empty vial. Thea felt a tiny uncoiling of relief. She touched Dani’s arm lightly. â€Å"Thanks.† Dani looked back at the cafeteria. â€Å"I wonder what it was he wanted to know?† she murmured. And just then a howl came from the lighted doorway, as if answering her question. It didn’t sound like a person; it sounded like an animal in anguish. â€Å"Whyyyyyy?† Thea turned blindly and almost ran for Eric’s jeep. When they were driving on darkened streets, Eric said quietly, â€Å"I’m presuming he was an old boyfriend?† â€Å"Last month’s.† Eric glanced at her. â€Å"He was pretty messed up, poor guy.† And that, Thea thought, summed it up nicely. He was pretty messed up forever. Poor guy. â€Å"It’s Blaise,† she said. She hadn’t meant to talk to him about this, but the words were so crowded in her throat that she thought she’d burst if she didn’t let them out. â€Å"She does this and does this, and I can’t stop her. She picks guys up everywhere, and they fall in love with her, and then she dumps them.† â€Å"Love? Hm,† Eric said. Thea looked at him, astonished. He was looking straight ahead, his long, supple fingers steady on the wheel. Well. And I thought you were so naive. Maybe you see more than I realized. â€Å"It’s a kind of love,† she said. â€Å"It’s like-do you know, in ancient Greece they worshiped the goddess Aphrodite. She was the goddess of love-and the thing about her was that she was absolutely merciless.† Thea shook her head. â€Å"I saw this play once about a queen named Phaedra. And Aphrodite made her fall in love with her own stepson, and by the end of the play just about everybody was dead on the stage. But Aphrodite just kept smiling. Because she was just doing what a goddess does-the same way that a tornado rips houses apart or a fire burns down a forest.† She stopped. Her chest was aching and she didn’t have any breath left. But in a way she felt better, as if some pressure had been relieved. â€Å"And you think Blaise is like that.† â€Å"Yes. Sort of a natural force that can’t help itself. Does that sound completely crazy?† â€Å"Actually, no.† Eric gave a wry smile. â€Å"Nature’s rough. Hawks grab rabbits. Male lions kill cubs. It’s a jungle out there.† â€Å"But that doesn’t make it right. Maybe for goddesses and animals, but not when it gets to the level of humans. You read "Night World : Spellbinder Chapter 6" in category "Essay examples"† It was a moment before she realized what she’d said. She was using â€Å"humans† to mean â€Å"people.† â€Å"Well, humans aren’t very far from animals, after all,† Eric said softly. Thea sagged back against the seat. She was still confused and unhappy, but what scared her most was that she felt a strong urge to keep talking to Eric about it. He seemed to understand so well†¦ better than anybody else ever had. And not only to understand, but to care. â€Å"I know what you need,† Eric said suddenly, brightening. â€Å"I was going to suggest we go to the late buffet at Harrah’s, but I know something better.† Thea glanced at the clock, saw that it was almost eleven: â€Å"What?† â€Å"Puppy therapy.† â€Å"What?† He just grinned and turned the jeep south. They pulled up at a modest gray building with a sign that read sun city animal hospital. â€Å"This is where you work.† â€Å"Yup. We can let Pilar off early,† Eric said, getting out and unlocking the front door of the building. â€Å"Come on.† A pretty girl with shoulder-length brown hair looked up from behind the office counter. Thea recognized her as Pilar Osorio from school. A quiet girl who looked like a good student. â€Å"How was the dance?† she said. Thea thought her eyes lingered on Eric wistfully as she said it. Eric shrugged. â€Å"Pretty awful, to tell the truth. There was a fight and we left.† Thea noticed he didn’t mention his part in stopping the fight. â€Å"How awful,† Pilar said sympathetically-but Thea thought she wasn’t entirely sorry that the dance hadn’t gone well. â€Å"Yeah. So how’s our boy?† â€Å"Okay-a little hyper. You might want to take him for a walk later.† Pilar picked up her jacket. She nodded politely to Thea as she headed for the door. â€Å"See you Monday.† She likes him. When the door was shut, Thea looked around the office. â€Å"So the clinic’s not open.† â€Å"No, but somebody has to stay overnight when we’ve got animals boarding here.† He gave her the grin again. â€Å"Follow me.† He led her through an exam room into a corridor and then to a kennel room at the back. Thea looked around with interest. She’d never been in the inner sanctum of an animal hospital before. There were several dog runs. Eager whining was coming from the last. Eric looked at her mischievously. â€Å"Three, two, one†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He opened the cage. A big Labrador puppy tumbled out, tail wagging frantically. He was a beautiful color that ranged from deep gold on his back to almost white on his legs and paws. â€Å"Hey, Bud,† Eric said. â€Å"Hey, pal; who’s a good boy?† He looked at Thea solemnly. â€Å"This is the ultimate cuddle dog.† Thea collapsed on the sheet vinyl floor and made a lap, holding both arms out. â€Å"Uh-your dress-† Eric began mildly, but the puppy was already in midair. Thea caught him and he crawled up her, legs on her shoulders, hot breath blowing in her ear. â€Å"I think I’m in love,† Thea gasped, her arms full of warm, heavy puppy sweetness. Happiness surrounded her. She didn’t have to try to merge with the puppy’s mind; he practically took over by force. All his thoughts were good ones, and they were all about now. About how terrific everything smelled this minute, and how great that scratch behind the ear felt on a fleabite. Good feelings, happy feelings†¦ I really like this big bald dog†¦ Wonder which of us is dominant? The puppy bit her and Thea play-bit him back. â€Å"Wrong; I’m the pack leader,† she informed him, holding his jowls. There was only one odd thing. She could see the way the world looked to the pup-and there was nothing on the right. Just a void. â€Å"Is there something wrong with his eyes?† â€Å"You noticed the cataract. Lots of people don’t see that right away. Yeah, he’s blind in the right eye. When he gets older he may come back for surgery.† Eric sat back against the wall, grinning madly. â€Å"You’ve really got a way with animals,† he said. â€Å"But you don’t own any pets?† The question was gentle, not intrusive. Thea said absently, â€Å"Well, usually just temporary ones. I pick them up and when they’re cured I put them back- or find homes for them if they want to be pets.† â€Å"You cure them.† Once again, the question was gentle, but Thea felt a little shock. Why couldn’t she guard her tongue around this guy? She looked up and found he was looking at her steadily and searchingly, his green eyes alert. She took a breath. â€Å"I feed them, take them to the vet if they need it. Then I wait until they heal up.† He nodded, but the searching look didn’t go away. â€Å"Did you ever think of being a vet yourself?† Thea had to look down. She bluffed by kissing the puppy. â€Å"Uh, not really,† she muttered into blond fur. â€Å"But you’ve got a gift. Look, I’ve got some material on U.C. Davis. They have a great undergraduate program-and their graduate school is one of the best in the country. It’s not easy to get in, but you could do it. I know you could.† â€Å"I wouldn’t bet on it,† Thea muttered. She had several dramatic blotches on her academic record- like four expulsions. But that wasn’t the real problem. The real problem was that witches weren’t veterinarians. They just weren’t. She could choose to specialize in gems or herbs or ritual clothing; in chants or runes or research or amulets†¦ in hundreds of things, but nothing taught at U.C. Davis. â€Å"It’s hard to explain,† Thea said. She didn’t have much room left to be surprised, or she’d have been surprised to find she wanted to explain to a human. â€Å"It’s just-my family wouldn’t really approve. They want me to be something else.† Eric opened his mouth, then shut it again. The puppy sneezed. â€Å"Well-maybe you could help me with my application sometime,† Eric said at last. â€Å"I’m trying to do the essay question and dying.† You sneak, Thea thought. â€Å"Maybe,† she said. At that moment a buzzer sounded-far away but insistent. Bud barked. â€Å"What the†¦ that’s the outside buzzer,† Eric said. â€Å"But nobody should be here at this time of night.† He got up and headed for the front of the building. Thea followed, her fingertips just brushing Bud’s head to control him. Eric opened the door, then stepped back in surprise. â€Å"Rosamund†¦ what are you doing here? Does Mom know you’re out?† Something like a miniature whirlwind entered the waiting room. It was a kid, a little girl with a mop of sandy hair sticking out from under a baseball cap. She was carrying a rolled-up blue blanket, and what could be seen of her expression under the hair was ferocious. â€Å"Mom said Madame Curie wasn’t really sick, but she is. Call Dr. Joan.† With that, the kid marched into the office and dumped the blue blanket on the counter, pushing aside a clipboard and some vaccination reminder cards. â€Å"Hey. Don’t.† When she ignored him, Eric looked at Thea. â€Å"Uh, this is my sister Rosamund. And I don’t know how she got here-â€Å" â€Å"I rode my bike and I want Madame Curie fixed now.† Bud was rearing up and trying to sniff the blue blanket. Thea pushed him down gently. â€Å"Who’s Madame Curie?† â€Å"Madame Curie is a guinea pig,† Eric said. He touched the blanket. â€Å"Roz-Dr. Joan is gone. She’s out of town at a conference.† Rosamund’s ferocious expression never wavered, but her chin began to quiver. â€Å"Okay, listen. I’ll take a look at Madame Curie now, see if I can see anything. But first we have to call Mom and let her know you’re alive.† He reached for the phone. â€Å"I’ll take Bud back,† Thea said. â€Å"I think he thinks Madame Curie is lunch.† She led the puppy into the back room and coaxed him into the run with a promise of extra petting later. When she came back to the office, Eric was bent over a small brown-and-white guinea pig. He looked frustrated. â€Å"Well, there’s something wrong with her-I guess. She seems weaker than usual and sort of lethargic___† Suddenly he jerked his hand back with a yelp. â€Å"Not too lethargic,† he said, eyeing the blood welling up from his thumb. He wiped it on a tissue and bent over the guinea pig again. â€Å"She’s in a bad mood,† Rosamund said. â€Å"And she’s not eating right. I told you yesterday she was sick.† â€Å"No, you didn’t,† Eric said calmly. â€Å"You told me she was tired of living under patriarchy.† â€Å"Well, she is tired. And she’s sick. Do something.† â€Å"Kid, I don’t know what to do yet. Hang on.† He bent closer to the little animal, muttering to himself. â€Å"She’s not coughing†¦ so it’s not strep. Her lymph nodes are okay†¦ but her joints seem swollen. Now, that’s weird.† Rosamund was watching him, her green eyes full of fierce trust. Eyes like Eric’s, Thea realized. She reached out gently and just touched the guinea pig’s soft fur with her fingers. Her mind reached gently, too. Frightened-little-animal thoughts. The guinea pig didn’t like being here, wanted the sawdust of her cage, wanted safety. She didn’t like the clinical smells, didn’t like huge, strange fingers descending from the sky. Home-place, nest-place, she was thinking. And then, something odd. A concept-more smell and taste than picture. Madame Curie was imagining eating something†¦ something crunchy and slightly sharp. Eating and eating and eating. â€Å"Is there some treat she really likes?† Thea asked doubtfully. â€Å"Something like cabbage?† Eric blinked, then straightened up as if he’d gotten an electric shock. His green eyes stared straight into hers. â€Å"That’s it! You’re brilliant!† â€Å"What’s it?† â€Å"What you said. She’s got scurvy!† He dashed out of the office and came back with a thick book full of small print. â€Å"Yeah-here it is. Anorexia, lethargy, enlarged limb joints†¦ she’s got all the symptoms.† He turned pages feverishly and then said triumphantly, â€Å"All we have to do is give her some of those veggies, or maybe some ascorbic acid in her water.† Scurvy-wasn’t that a disease sailors used to get? When they were on long trips with no fresh fruits or vegetables? And ascorbic acid was†¦ â€Å"Vitamin C!† â€Å"Yeah! It’s been hot and we’ve got hard water at our house-all that could deplete the vitamin C in her diet. But it’s easy to fix.† Then Eric looked at Thea and shook his head wonderingly. â€Å"I’ve been studying for years, besides working here, and you just look at the animal and you know. How do you do that?† â€Å"She asked Madame Curie,† Rosamund said flatly. Thea gave her a wary glance. How come this whole family was so observant? â€Å"Ha ha,† she said, her voice light. â€Å"I like you,† Rosamund said, just as flatly as before. â€Å"Now where can I get some cabbage?† â€Å"Go look in the vaccine fridge in back,† Eric said. â€Å"If there isn’t any, we can always use vitamin drops.† Rosamund trotted off. Eric watched her, openly fond. â€Å"She’s an interesting kid,† Thea said. â€Å"She’s sort of a genius. Also the world’s smallest militant feminist. She’s suing the local Boy Trekkers, you know. They won’t let her in, and the Girl Trekkers don’t trek. They do macrame.† Thea looked at him. â€Å"And what do you think of that?† â€Å"Me? I drive her to the lawyer’s office whenever Mom can’t make it. I figure it stops her griping. Besides, she’s right.† Simple as that, Thea thought. She watched Eric as he folded the blue blanket, and heard a voice in her mind like the voice of an announcer describing a game-show prize. Now. Look at this guy. He’s tender but intense. Brave. Profoundly insightful. Shy but with a wicked sense of humor. He’s smart, he’s honest, he’s an animal lover†¦. He’s human. I don’t care. She was feeling-well, strange. As if she’d been breathing too much yemonja root. The air seemed sweet and heavy and tingly somehow, as if laced with tropical electricity. â€Å"Eric†¦Ã¢â‚¬  And she found herself touching the back of his hand. He let go of the blanket instantly and turned his hand to close on hers. He wasn’t looking at her, though. He was still staring at the office desk. His chest heaved. â€Å"Eric?† â€Å"Sometimes I think if I blink, you’ll disappear.† Oh, Eileithyia, Thea thought. Oh, Aphrodite. I’m in terrible trouble. The thing was, it was terrible and wonderful. She felt awkward and tremendously safe at once, scared to death and not scared of anything. And what she wanted was so simple. If he only felt the same, everything would be all right. â€Å"I just can’t even imagine life without you anymore, but I’m so afraid you’ll go away,† Eric said, still looking fatalistically at the computer on the desk. Then he turned to her. â€Å"Are you mad?† Thea shook her head. Her heart was threatening to leave her body. When she met his eyes it was as if some circuit had closed. They were connected, now, and being pulled together as if Aphrodite herself was gathering them into her arms. And then everything was warm and wonderful. Better than holding the puppy, because Eric could hold her, too. And the thrills of fear that had been shooting through her seemed somehow to burst like fireworks and turn into exhilaration. Her cheek was against Eric’s. And she’d never felt anything so blissful before. Eric’s cheek was smooth and firm-and she was safe here, loved here. She could rest like this forever. Peace filled her like cool water. They were two birds enfolding each other with their wings. Swans mate for life†¦ and when they see their mate, they know, she thought. That’s what happened in the desert. We knew each other; it was as if we each could see the other one’s soul. Once you see into someone’s soul, you’re attached forever. Yeah, and there’s a word for it in the Night World, part of her mind said, trying to shatter her peace. The soulmate principle. You’re trying to say that your one and only is a human? But Thea couldn’t be frightened, not now. She felt insulated from the Night World and the human world both. She and Eric formed their own reality; and it was enough just to stand here and breathe and to feel his breathing, without worrying about the future†¦. A door creaked and a blast of cool air blew in. Thea’s eyes were startled open. And then her heart gave a terrible lurch and started thudding painfully. It wasn’t the door that Rosamund had gone through. It was the front door, which Eric must have left unlocked. And Blaise was standing there in the waiting room. How to cite Night World : Spellbinder Chapter 6, Essay examples

Therapy Programs for Children Last a Lifetime

Question: Discuss about the Therapy programs for children that last a lifetime? Answer: Implementation of Power Mobility Children suffering from severe spinal muscular atrophy are unable to move independently around their environment. Therefore, there may be delays in the development areas not related directly to the limitations of their motor activities. Power mobility enables these young children to move independently and explore the environment around them. Power mobility helps to improve the childs mobility by implementing the developmental changes. This is because the child learns to develop the maneuvering skills. The child gains independence and she explores the environment around her without any assistance. The mobility also privileged her various situations that she was unable to experience without the power mobility. So the power mobility greatly influenced the child to acquire better functional and developmental skills (Jones et al., 2003). Other Adaptive Equipment Adaptive equipment employs the concept of assistive technology that plays a major role in children for the development of skills required to grow and learn. These technologies include services and devices that include alternative and augmentative devices for communication, switches, assistive mobility technology, play material adaptation and microcomputers (Judge Parette, 1998). These technologies have been successfully implemented to facilitate and enhance the skill acquisition and participation of young children with severe spinal muscular atrophy. So in the present case of Molly, various types of adaptive equipment may be provided for her help as she grows up and develops. These may be listed below. Scooters and wheelchairs for mobility. Environmental access devices like control units for manipulating the stereo or TV. Computers that enable the child to play. Electronic toys to play independently during recreation or leisure. Devices for living independently like reaching or buttoning devices for physically disabled children. Proper positioning for maintaining the body alignment by using bolsters and rolls, which are vinyl covered. Various adaptive toys to enable the child to control it independently. Determination of Equipment Factors Mobility devices: Since children suffering from severe spinal muscular atrophy are unable to move independently around their environment, so mobility devices will be of immense help to them to learn about the world around them by moving. This gives them a sensation of freedom and independence, identifies the results of their individual actions and helps them to see and realize things from a different view point. So scooters and wheelchairs will be helping Molly to gain confidence within her and grow up enthusiastically (Papa, 2012). Environmental access devices will help Molly to control the various household electronic devices for better understanding and enjoyment. Since she is a kid, watching TV and listening to music will be quite appealing and interesting to her and a suitable control device can help her to think rationally while she grows up, as per her needs. Computers help the children to develop their ability of play and cognition. These provide the child with a customized environment required to improve her levels of skill and development. Special software for kids with motor disability will help them sharpen their gross and fine motor skills, will improve their span of attention; their skills of communication will get enhanced including their social skills. Electronic and adaptive toys will help Molly to play independently and explore her environment. Physically modified toys help the child to have a better control of the toy. It also helps the child to play while sitting on the wheelchair. Multi sensory remotes and devices further help in playing in a group with others (Orthoinfo.aaos.org, 2016). Mollys Equipment Needs Since Molly is a kid and is suffering from spinal muscular atrophy, movement is a very important aspect of her treatment regime. Apart from movement, her family should also provide her with adaptive equipments and assistive technology to facilitate her natural growth and development. Therefore, the equipment and technologies that have been mentioned above will be beneficial for Molly and it is essential for her family to provide her with the same (Li Leong, 1999). Scooters and wheelchairs for mobility are the prime requirement of Molly. Her family should provide her with this need as per her body adaptation. Environmental access devices should be well within her reach and her parents should arrange for suitable programs and music required for her growth and development. Computers with special software will be the best device to develop her cognitive skills. So her parents need to provide her with parental guidance while operating the computer for playing and learning purpose. Electronic and adaptive toys either purchased or modified at home will help Molly to play independently or in a group. Reaching or buttoning devices will help Molly to control her environment even from her wheelchair. It is very important for Molly to maintain a proper body positioning for her treatment. So her parents should arrange for bolsters and rolls, which are vinyl covered to facilitate the same (Dumas et al., 2015). Letter of Medical Necessity Letter of medical necessity is essential to receive the approval for funding from the insurance company. For Molly, the beneficiary, since mobility is the most important aspect, so funding authorization needs to be arranged for a wheelchair. This will include the following steps. The first step is the submission of a claim to the insurance company about the equipment. This will make the company to evaluate the claim and decide whether to deny or pay the claim. The second step will involve the clear understanding of the medical necessity of the beneficiary. The insurance company will analyze after that the medical necessity of the equipment. The third step should include the clarity of the letter about the equipment. The explanation for the necessity should be done in such a lucid fashion that it becomes understandable even to a nonprofessional. The fourth step will be the description of the equipment as to why it is beneficial to the beneficiary. Also, an explanation needs to be subm itted to why cost effective alternatives will not be appropriate and how it will reduce other related expenses. The fifth and last step will explain the company that the beneficiary is in a real adverse situation. However, by paying the claim, the company can improve the life of the beneficiary (Stressel Dickerson, 2014). Campbells Article Campbells article deals with the lifetime therapy programs for children. It determines that the devised programs of therapists for disabled children have lifetime validity. A number of therapy programs can be implemented for Molly from Campbell's article. The combination of musculoskeletal impairment prevention with self-determination helps in setting therapy goals for the child. Since the goal of this therapy is to play and move and environment exploration, wheelchair as the adaptive equipment is necessary for Molly. Mobility appropriate to age is the next goal for the child. Participating independently in the fun activities with family will require mobility and therefore the wheelchair is the essential mode of mobility for Molly. Another goal for the child shall be physical fitness for lifelong validity. This should employ various exercise programs and therefore should stress on improving the skills of movement, which in turn will include the wheelchair as adaptive equipment for Mo lly (Campbell, 1997). References Campbell, S. K. (1997). Therapy programs for children that last a lifetime. Physical Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics,17(1), 1-15. Dumas, H. M., Fragala-Pinkham, M. A., Rosen, E. L., Lombard, K. A., Farrell, C. (2015). Pediatric evaluation of disability inventory computer adaptive test (PEDI-CAT) and alberta infant motor scale (AIMS): Validity and responsiveness.Physical Therapy,95(11), 1559. doi:10.2522/ptj.20140339 Jones, M. A., McEwen, I. R., Hansen, L. (2003). Use of power mobility for a young child with spinal muscular atrophy.Physical Therapy,83(3), 253-262. Judge, S. L., Parette, H. P. (Eds.). (1998).Assistive technology for young children with disabilities: A guide to family-centered services. Brookline Books. Li, Y. H., Leong, J. C. (1999). Intoeing gait in children.Hong Kong Medical Journal,5(4), 360-366. Orthoinfo.aaos.org,. (2016).Spinal Deformity in Children with Myelomeningocele-OrthoInfo -AAOS. Retrieved 26 February 2016, from https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00614 Papa, J. A. (2012). Physical therapy for children.Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association,56(3), 235-235. Stressel, D., Dickerson, A. E. (2014). Documentation and Reimbursable Services for Driver Rehabilitation.Occupational therapy in health care,28(2), 209-222.